Black Russian Terrier – The Soviet Superdog

The Black Russian Terrier, often hailed as the ‘Soviet Superdog,’ is a strong and intelligent breed originally developed by the Soviet military. The breed combines the traits of several other respected breeds to create an incredibly versatile dog. Competent in lots of different working and competitive roles and particularly revered for its strength, resilience, and loyalty.

The name can be a point of contention, as its not actually a terrier. Not in the classical sense anyway. But there are several terriers in the parent stock of the breed. The Black Russian Terrier today, is quite different than the original dogs, as the mix has been tweaked and adjusted over the decades. At first, it was only one state-owned kennel involved in the breeding, but it is now more widely kept.

While still a relatively recent breed (post-WWII), the Black Russian Terrier is recognized by most influential kennel clubs, including the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Kennel Club (KC). 

Breed Origin and History

The breed’s origin is rooted in necessity. After World War II, the Soviet Union needed a robust and cold-resistant dog for its national security forces. Initial ideas for the breed were considered as far back as the 1930’s. It wasn’t until the late 1940’s and early 1950’s though, that the state-owned Red Star Kennel first started developing the breed.

They methodically crossbred what is believed to be around 17 different breeds to develop what we now know as the Black Russian Terrier. The key breeds included the Rottweiler, Giant Schnauzer, Airedale Terrier, Newfoundland and several native and important shepherd dogs. The idea was to create a formidable and versatile working breed, suitable to long days and harsh, changeable climate.  

At first, the Red Star Kennel exclusively bred these dogs. In 1955 they entered their first exhibition for show of the working breed, and the standard was set in 1958. It was only one year earlier, that some puppies were released by the Red Kennel Club to civilian breeders. Over time, they started to be introduced to the outer rim of the USSR and other Scandinavian and Eastern European countries. Eventually they spread further west, over to the USA and Canada, and beyond to become a globally breed. 

While the early dogs were bred purely for their working abilities, as they spread out to civilian breeders, they started to develop them for looks as well as working ability. As such, the modern Black Russian Terrier is a very different breed to the original Red Star Kennel dogs, in all but coat type and frame. 

Quick Facts About The Black Russian Terrier

• Loyal and Protective – Black Russian Terriers are deeply loyal and naturally protective of their families. They make excellent guard dogs, always alert to any potential threats. Though not particularly affectionate, their strong bond with their owners makes them dedicated companions.

• Intelligent Versatile – This breed is highly intelligent and quick to learn. Originally bred for various military and guard roles, they have adapted well to different environments and tasks. From working dogs to family pets their versatility stretches across many roles, but consistent training and mental stimulation are essential to keep them happy and engaged. 

• Energetic and Active – These dogs require regular exercise and mental stimulation to stay happy and healthy. Daily walks, play sessions, and structured activities help channel their energy positively. They are not a breed for new owners or inactive families, because they need the exercise and training throughout their whole lives to prevent aggressive behaviours taking hold. 

• Unique Appearance – The Black Russian Terrier’s dense, black coat is both a signature trait and a practical feature, providing protection against the elements. Underneath their thick black coat, is a strong, muscular build. They are big dogs, but move very well with it. 

Characteristics Of The Black Russian Terrier

Black Russian Terriers are known for their calm and confident demeanor. They are highly intelligent, excellent working dogs and loyal companions. They are often compared to some of the individual breeds, used within their parent mix, particularly Rottweiler, Giant Schnauzer, and Airedale Terrier.

In its native Russia, the breed is known by several names that reflect its cultural significance. Officially, by the FCI standard, it is called the ‘Russkiy Tchiorny Terrier’ which translates to Russian Black Terrier. Sometimes this is just shortened to Russian Terrier or the Tchornyi Terrier, both emphasizing its origin and appearance. Internationally, this breed is often referred to as the BRT or RBT, an acronym for Black Russian Terrier. You might also hear enthusiasts call them the ‘Black Pearl of Russia’ due to their luxurious black coat and impressive stature.

Black Russian Terrier Puppies

Black Russian Terrier puppies typically come in litters of six to twelve. The first few weeks with their mother and siblings is vital for their socialization and helps to mitigate potential bad behaviors that can arise in working breeds.

For those looking to add a Black Russian Terrier to their family, the cost can vary significantly. In the United States, prices typically range from $1500 to $3500, depending on the breeder’s reputation and the puppy’s lineage. Reputable bloodlines tend to be in higher demand.

Similarly in Europe, prices generally range between €1,200 and €2,500, and in the UK, you can expect to pay between £1,000 and £2,000. Due to their specific breeding requirements and relatively recent recognition as a distinct breed, availability can sometimes be limited, leading to higher prices and potential waiting lists.

It’s important to do your research into a reputable breeder to make sure they can provide health clearances for the puppy’s parents and allows you to see the conditions in which the puppies are raised.

Appearance

The Black Russian Terrier is a big, imposing dog. They have a strong, squarely built body with a broad chest and a powerful, muscular frame. Their heads are also large and blocky, with dark, almond-shaped eyes that don’t give much away. Erect, triangular ears add to their vigilant expression, and their strong, slightly arched neck contributes to their overall proud and confident stance. Their tail is set high and carried erect, often with a slight curve.

Males typically stand 27-30 inches tall, while females are slightly smaller at 26-29 inches, though the official FCI standard does allow for a little leeway at either side of this. Their weight ranges from 99 to 130 pounds (45-60 kg). I told you, they really are a big dog but despite their size, they move well with it, not cumbersome in the slightest.

Coat

Their coat is dense and hard, providing excellent protection against harsh weather. The outer coat is coarse, while the undercoat is softer and insulating. The coat is perhaps their most defining feature, especially now that they are bred commonly for show as well as their classically working role. Appearance never used to be important for the breed, but it is more so now.

Color

Their coat is dense and hard, providing excellent protection against harsh weather. The outer coat is coarse, while the undercoat is softer and insulating. The coat is perhaps their most defining feature, especially now that they are bred commonly for show as well as their classically working role. Appearance never used to be important for the breed, but it is more so now. 

The breed’s coat is a solid black, though there are slightly different interpretations of this. The American Kennel Club describes the following shades of black as acceptable in the standard;

• Black
• Salt and Pepper
• Black and Tan
• Sable
• Blue

Saddle pattern markings are also acceptable in the AKC’s interpretation of the standards.

The FCI publish their standard a little differently as “Black, black with insignificant intermingling grey hair is permissible. (Grey intermingling hair not to cover more than a 1/3 of the whole body).“

Between these two definitions, there is room for argument, but whatever the ‘shade’, black is the defining color. They are also sometimes called the ‘Black Pearl of Russia’, and this fit’s them very well.

Temperament

Black Russian Terriers are known for their calm, confident, and highly intelligent nature. They have a strong protective instinct, which is to be expected from their selective breeding, and this makes them excellent watchdogs.

They are deeply loyal to their families and form strong bonds, while also commonly displaying a gentle and affectionate attitude towards those they trust. Despite their imposing appearance, they are playful and social within their family circle and reasonably good with children, showing patience and a gentle attitude when trained well.

Their independence can present training challenges however. Consistent, firm, yet positive reinforcement methods are essential to maintain their balanced behaviour. While they can be reserved and cautious around strangers due to their guarding nature, they are never vicious. Early and continuous socialization is absolutely crucial to help them develop a balanced temperament and prevent overly protective behaviors.

Lifespan

Black Russian Terriers typically live between 10 to 12 years. This is backed up by a recent study concluded in the UK in 2024, which found that the average life expectancy was 10.9 years. This is a little below the average for similar cross breeds which is 12 years.

Known Health Issues

Hip Dysplasia –  A common genetic condition where the hip joint does not fit together perfectly, which can lead to arthritis or lameness.

• Treatment: Managing hip dysplasia typically involves lifestyle modifications such as weight management and controlled exercise, along with anti-inflammatory medications. Surgery may be required in more severe cases.

Elbow Dysplasia – Occurs when the bones that make up the elbow joint do not align properly, leading to joint instability and arthritis.

• Treatment: Treatment options include weight management, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. Much the same as with Hip Dysplasia, surgery may be required in severe cases to correct the joint alignment.

Hyperuricosuria – This is a condition characterized by high levels of uric acid in the urine. It can lead to the formation of painful bladder stones.

• Treatment: Managing hyperuricosuria typically involves a special diet low in purines and plenty of hydration. Medications may be prescribed to help reduce uric acid levels, but only if absolutely neccessary.

Juvenile Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy – This is a genetic condition that affects the nerves controlling the larynx and other parts of the nervous system, leading to breathing difficulties and mobility issues.

• Treatment: There is no cure for this condition, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms. This may include meds to alleviate breathing difficulties, or supportive care for mobility issues.

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) – An inflammatory condition that affects the bones in growing puppies, causing pain and lameness.

• Treatment: Treatment for HOD involves pain management, anti-inflammatory medications, and ensuring proper nutrition. Most puppies outgrow the condition, but severe cases may require more intensive veterinary care.

Panosteitis (Pano or Wandering Lameness) – Panosteitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the long bones of young dogs, leading to episodes of lameness that can shift from one leg to another.

• Treatment: Treatment typically includes pain management and anti-inflammatory medications. The condition usually resolves on its own as the dog matures.

Daily Life

Now that we’ve covered the different characteristics of a Black Russian Terrier, let’s take a look at what daily life with one of these large, energetic guardians is like.

Food and Diet

Black Russian Terriers, with their active and robust lifestyle, need a high-quality diet that supports their energy needs. A balanced diet tailored to large, active breeds is essential. High-quality commercial dog food or a well-formulated homemade diet should provide the necessary nutrients Ensure the food is not stuffed with fillers and is rich in vital nutrients.

An average, active adult should consume about three to four cups of premium dry kibble or an equivalent amount of nutritious food daily, divided into two or three meals. Adjustments should be made based on the dog’s activity level to prevent obesity.

Puppies, being more active and in a critical growth phase, need smaller and more frequent meals throughout the day to support their development. It’s important to feed them a puppy formula that caters specifically to large breeds to ensure they receive the appropriate nutrients for healthy growth.

As Black Russian Terriers age, their dietary requirements also change. They often need less food with a different nutritional profile to maintain health. Transitioning to a good blend designed for senior dogs will provide the nutrition they need, but portion sizes may need adjustment depending on how active they remain.

Exercise

As an energetic and intelligent breed, Black Russian Terriers need plenty of physical exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy. Daily walks are a must, at least 40 minutes to an hour, but these should be supplemented with interactive play sessions either at home or in a secure, fenced yard. If you don’t have a yard, it’s essential to commit to multiple daily walks to meet their exercise needs.

They enjoy interactive games such as fetch, hide-and-seek and puzzle toys too. These can help burn off energy and keep them mentally stimulated. Training sessions in obedience, agility and tracking are also excellent ways to provide physical exercise and mental enrichment. These activities tap into their natural working instincts and keep them sharp and content.

Family Compatibility

The Black Russian Terrier is known for its loyalty and protective nature, making it an excellent addition to many families. Particularly so in the role of a watchdog. The breed is known to form strong bonds with their family members and are particularly good with children, displaying patience and gentleness, though not overly affectionate and they should always be supervised around very young children.

Their guarding instincts ensure they provide a sense of security in the household, and they tend to do much better in active families that can meet their high exercise and mental stimulation needs.

These dogs do best in homes where they are not left alone for long periods, as they thrive on companionship and can develop separation anxiety if isolated. Families where at least one of the members are home most of the day, or who can include their dog in daily work or activities will find this breed to be a loyal and loving companion.

Living in an apartment with a Black Russian Terrier is possible, but not recommended. It would require dedication to ensuring they get sufficient exercise because, an under exercised Black Russian Terrier is not a dog you want to own. Under stimulation will lead to destructive and disobedient behaviour and if they are left alone for long periods they can develop aggressive tendencies too. They need an attentive owner, and are best suited to an experienced hand.

Training & Socializing a Black Russian Terrier

These are intelligent dogs and they have a real eagerness to please, making them highly trainable. It’s best to start early with obedience training to manage their strong protective instincts effectively. Like most dogs, they respond best to positive reinforcement techniques such as treats, praise, and play. They do need to know who is the boss though, and to learn to trust and respect that. Consistency in commands and routines helps them learn effectively, although patience is key, especially during the initial stages. To keep their interest and enthusiasm high, training sessions should be engaging and relatively short.

Early socialization should take place along side their obedience training, as both of these are crucial for Black Russian Terriers to develop into well-adjusted dogs. Regular, positive interactions during puppyhood are essential. Inviting friends over and taking your pup to public parks is a good start, but adding structured play dates can also be beneficial, helping young pups learn to identify friends. Ongoing socialization supports their growth into confident and sociable adult dogs

Grooming

The Black Russian Terrier’s coat may well be beautiful, but it does need quite a lot of work to keep it that way. The thick, dense coat needs a good brush at least twice a week to prevent matting. This will need to be more frequent in shedding season too.

Just as importantly though, is a regular trim around their face to keep it neat and tidy. If you are not confident enough to do this yourself, or struggle to get the dog to stay still, then you might need to get the help of a professional groomer. It will need done either way, so keep that in mind. 

A regular check of the nails and ears should always be part of a grooming routine, trimming nails when required. An occasional bath too when they get a bit pongy,

Breed Traits

Breed FAQs

Summary

Black Russian Terriers are known for their strong work ethic and commanding presence. ​Bred for their protective instincts and intelligence, they are a versatile mix of loyal companion and effective guardian. Their imposing size and build coupled with their obvious confidence makes them stand out, but they are equally known for their gentle and patient nature with family members.

Their eagerness to please and high trainability make them suitable for experienced owners. But only those who can provide consistent training and socialization. Their size and particular blend of guarding and working traits means that they are not really suited to first time or novice owners.