Spanish Mastiff

The Spanish Mastiff is a giant, powerful guardian breed with a rich history dating back thousands of years. Similarly to their cousin the Pyrenean Mastiff, these dogs were traditionally bred to guard livestock from dangerous predators like wolves. They have a very imposing and intimidating presence and keen protective instincts, that are a problem for anyone that would wish to cause you or your property any harm. 

With a massive frame, thick coat and deep, resonant bark, Spanish Mastiffs are well-suited to their role as protectors, especially in the rugged terrains of their homeland. If you can see past their formidable presence, they are known to be gentle and affectionate with their families, but they can be a bit of a bully to unfamiliar dogs.

The Spanish Mastiff is recognized domestically by the Spanish Kennel Club (Real Sociedad Canina de España). They are also recognised internationally by many clubs including the American Kennel Club (AKC) as part of their Foundation Stock Service, the United Kennel Club (UKC) and the Kennel Club (KC) in the Working Group of dogs. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) classifies them under Group 2 ‘Pinscher and Schnauzer – Molossoid breeds – Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs’ and Section 2.2 ‘Molossoid breeds, Mountain type.Without working trial.’

History & Origins Of The Spanish Mastiff

The Spanish Mastiff, can potentially trace its lineage back to the mastiff-type dogs brought to the Iberian Peninsula by Phoenician traders around 2000 BC. At the very least, they were known to be an active working breed on the Peninsula by the time the Romans arrived around 218 BC.

The first literary mentions that we know of are from Virgil’s poem ‘The Georgics’ from 31 AD. In the Middle Ages, like their Pyrenean cousins, these dogs would travel with their shepherd and flock, in migration, protecting the sheep and goats from bandits and predators like wolves. Another similarity with it’s mountain relative, is that they would often be outfitted with a spikey metal collar that would give them some protection from the large predators they would be up against. 

Sheep farming was a huge industry in Spain through the Middle Ages, and long migrations from the South to the North of the country would happen annually with the winter and summer season. It is estimated that around 40,000 shepherds would make the migration, and for every 100 sheep there would be at least one Spanish Mastiff to protect the shepherds and the flock. 

The first breed standard was penned and published by the FCI in 1946, relatively late for such an ancient breed. In 1981 a new breed standard was formed, after the Asociación Española del Perro Mastín Español was established, with the aim of recovering the ancient guarding and defending cattle dog traits within the breed. The latest FCI standard was published in 2002, and the breed has developed considerable international recognition amongst many reputable kennel clubs. It is currently listed in the Foundation Stock Service with the American Kennel Club.

Quick Facts About The Spanish Mastiff

• Formidable Guardian – The Spanish Mastiff is a powerful and imposing protector, known for its steadfast guarding instincts and deep, resonant bark. The breed is naturally alert and wary of strangers, with a confidence to deter any mischief before it happens. They are fiercely loyal and dedicated to safeguarding their family or flock.

• Gentle Giant – Despite its intimidating presence, the Spanish Mastiff is gentle and affectionate with family members and friends. They balance their protective nature with a calm and loving nature amongst their loved ones.

• Intelligent and Independent – This breed is intelligent but also has an independent streak, requiring consistent and experienced handling. They benefit from early socialization and positive reinforcement training to manage their strong-willed nature effectively. This is especially important for tempering their attitude towards other dogs.

• Adaptable to Various Climates – The Spanish Mastiff’s dense double coat allows them to adapt to various climates, providing protection against harsh weather conditions.

• Low Exercise Needs – Despite their size, Spanish Mastiffs have relatively low exercise needs. They enjoy regular walks and some playtime but are generally low-energy dogs that are content with a moderate level of activity.

Characteristics Of The Spanish Mastiff

The Spanish Mastiff is often compared to breeds like the Pyrenean Mastiff and the Kangal due to its impressive size and protective instincts. While it is similar to these breeds, particularly its Pyrenean cousin, it does have its own unique personality when it comes to training, temperament and care needs. So it’s really important to be able to identify the breed amongst others. 

In Spain, the breed is known most commonly as the ‘Mastín Español’, which is just a direct translation to the Spanish Mastiff. However, there are regional variations across the country, so you might hear them go by ‘Mastín Español de campo y trabajo’, ‘Mastín Ganadero’, ‘Mastín Leonés’ or ‘Mastín Extremeño’. These are not seperate breeds, but rather regional names for the same Spanish Mastiff. It doesn’t really have any nicknames, but is often affectionately dubbed as a gentle giant by those familiar with the breed.

Spanish Mastiff Puppies

Spanish Mastiff puppies usually come in litters of six to eight. It’s crucial for them to stay with their mother and littermates for at least eight weeks to develop proper social behaviors. Once ready for their new home, early socialization and training are essential to ensure they grow into well-mannered adults.

For those considering adding a Spanish Mastiff to their family, the cost can vary significantly. In the United States, prices typically range from $1,000 to $2,500, depending on the breeder, lineage, and demand. I have spotted rescue pups a little older for around $500 but it’s important to check their breeding because these are big and powerful dogs when fully grown. In Europe, prices generally range from €800 to €2,000, and in the UK, you can expect to pay between £800 and £1,500 for a good pedigree. This is a little more than the average mastiff price, but the Spanish has a more amiable personality than some of the other mastiffs. Some of which are banned in various countries.

These dogs can be quite pricey, particularly those with proven, purebred lineage. It is really important though, to choose reputable breeders to ensure the health and quality of the puppies.

Appearance

Have I mentioned the size of these dogs yet? A few times, and with good reason. They are massive! Not just big but muscular with it. They have a broad chest, powerful neck and when they look at you there is not a doubt in their eye. They exude nobility and dignity and they command respect. Their eyes are medium-sized, almond-shaped, and clearly convey their calm yet vigilant demeanor. The ears are small to medium, triangular and hang close to the head. The tail is long, thick and usually carried low, with a slight curve at the end.

They are very similar in size and weight to their Pyrenean Mastiff cousins, and there is no upper limit to their size in the breed standard. Males should be at least 77 cm (30.3 in) tall at the wither and females 72 cm (28.3 in). Any smaller than this is considered to be a fault, and the ideal size, as per the FCI standard, is for males to be over 80 cm (31 in), and in females over 75 cm (29.5 in). Their weight can vary between 110-200 pounds, with males being significantly heavier than females.

Coat

The coat of the Spanish Mastiff is of a medium length with smooth, dense hair distributed evenly all over the body. It’s a double coat, with the under layer providing insulation to the ribcage and the flanks, while the outercoat provides protection from the elements.

Color

Spanish Mastiffs come in various colors, of which the FCI and AKC label differently. In the FCI standard, accepted colors are described as:

• Yellow,
• Fawn,
• Red,
• Black,
• Wolf color,
• Deer-color

Combined colours like brindle, parti-coloured or dogs with a white collar are also possible and accepted in the standard.

Though similar, the AKC describe the breed standard colors as:

• Yellow, 
• Fawn, 
• Red, 
• Wolf Grey,
• Black

Brindle or White markings are acceptable in the AKC’s description, and all of these have standard registration codes.

Temperament

The AKC describe the breed as being intelligent, kind and affectionate and it would be hard to argue with any of these points. They do effectively describe the Spanish Mastiffs temperament, but there is a little more to the story than that. 

While affectionate and kind, they are also fiercely protective of their family. If you mean ill will, they will deter you with confidence and determination. In the presence of unfamiliar animals or strangers, their presence can be intimidating and they will not back down from danger. They know their strength and have every faith in their own ability. They are a very big dog to manage and need an experience owner, with knowledge of handling large, guarding breeds. They may spend most of their time lounging, happily watching over their family. But when they need to act they will. 

They can get on better with other dogs, if they are socialized around others from an early age. For a breed of this size and power it’s an absolute must.

Lifespan

The Spanish Mastiff typically lives between 10 to 12 years, though some have been known to live longer in good health with proper care.

Known Health Issues

Though generally healthy, the Spanish Mastiff can be prone to several health issues, including:

Hip Dysplasia – This genetic condition involves a misalignment of the hip joint, which can lead to arthritis or lameness.

• Treatment: Weight management, controlled exercise, and anti-inflammatory medications can help manage symptoms. Severe cases might require surgery.

Elbow Dysplasia – This condition occurs due to abnormal development of the elbow joint, causing pain and lameness.

• Treatment: Weight control, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery.

Bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus) – This life-threatening condition occurs when the stomach twists, cutting off blood flow.

• Treatment: Immediate veterinary intervention is required, as they may need surgery to fix the issue. At the very least they will need observation and fluids in a medical setting. Preventive measures include feeding multiple small meals and avoiding vigorous exercise after eating.

Heart Problems – Spanish Mastiffs can be susceptible to various heart conditions, such as dilated cardiomyopathy.

• Treatment: Regular veterinary check-ups, medications, and in some cases, surgical intervention.

Osteosarcoma – A type of bone cancer more common in large breeds.

• Treatment: Typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, and pain management.

Daily Life

Food and Diet

An active adult Spanish Mastiff can need as much as six to ten cups of high-quality dry kibble per day. Yes, you read that right. Their food should be divided into at least two meals, three is also ok, and perhaps better for avoiding bloat. Their diet should be rich in proteins and fats to support their large size and moderate energy levels. Choose kibble with high nutritional value and minimal fillers, suitable for a large, robust breed.

For puppies, who are more active and growing rapidly, more frequent feedings are recommended. Three to four smaller meals per day help support their developmental needs and high energy requirements, ensuring steady growth and energy throughout their early months. Adjust the amount and frequency as they grow to prevent obesity and accommodate their changing metabolism.

Exercise

Spanish Mastiffs need regular exercise to maintain their health and prevent obesity, but they are not particularly demanding when it comes to this. They require about 30-60 minutes of physical activity daily and this can be spread across several walks. They are capable of more though, and will be happy to join you on longer walks and hikes, as well as playtime on offer. They enjoy exploring new environments, and swimming can also be a great occasional way to keep them active, especially in warmer weather.

Due to their protective nature, it’s best to exercise them in secure areas to avoid potential conflicts with unfamiliar dogs. A large, fenced yard provides an ideal space for them to roam and play off leash, but daily walks in public should always be on the leash. Mental stimulation through puzzle toys and training exercises is also important to keep them engaged.

Family Compatibility

Spanish Mastiffs are best suited for experienced dog owners who can provide consistent and firm training. These dogs are not ideal for first-time owners looking for a large, impressive dog without understanding the breed’s specific needs. They do best in homes with plenty of space and a secure yard, making them unsuitable for apartment living or crowded urban environments. They are big dogs and they need the space.

With proper socialization from a young age, Spanish Mastiffs can be good with children and other pets. Their protective instincts, however, must be managed through training to ensure they fit well into a family setting. Even with training, they can be independent and occasionally stubborn, which backs up their need for an owner who understands and can manage their strong-willed nature. If not socialized with other dogs, they will retain a wary and dominant streak, but with early training this can be tempered.

Spanish Mastiffs are generally calm and affectionate with their families but can be wary of strangers. They will confidently stand their ground and make their presence known until sure that no threat is present. They need a home environment that can accommodate their size and exercise needs, ideally in rural or suburban settings with ample space to roam.

Training & Socializing

Training a Spanish Mastiff requires patience, consistency and firmness. Begin training and socialization as early as possible, ideally when the dog is a puppy, as soon as you take ownership. These dogs are intelligent and eager to please but can be stubborn, so positive reinforcement methods such as treats, praise, and play are most effective. Regular, short training sessions help maintain their interest and prevent boredom. Early socialization is really important to expose them to various people, environments and other animals to reduce their natural wariness of strangers. This is especially important if you want them to be less aggressive and conflictive to other dogs, especially in public.

Socializing a Spanish Mastiff ideally involves introducing them to different ‘normal’ situations and ensuring they understand how to have positive experiences. Puppy classes can be really beneficial, as they provide structured socialization with other dogs and people. These dogs are very aware of their own strength, and learning how to show restraint with this can make for a much more well-rounded family pet. Consistent exposure to different environments helps them become well-rounded and less prone to anxiety or aggression. Owners should remain calm and assertive to establish themselves as pack leaders, ensuring the dog feels secure and confident in their role within the family

Grooming

Weekly brushing should be enough for most of the year and thank goodness for that, because there is a lot of dog to brush with the Spanish Mastiff. They are seasonal shedders though, and in the moulting season they will need more frequent brushing and baths to keep their coat tidy and free from matting and tangles. They are quite heavy droolers too, so you might have to clean their beards and chests regularly to keep them from getting too smelly.

Nails grow strong and fast on this breed too, so keep an eye on them and clip when necessary to prevent any discomfort. If they are a bit too tough, a grinder can help, or you may wish to get a professional groomer to give them the treatment once in a while, particularly with the heavy shedding coat. The floppy ears should also be checked as part of any regular routine, to keep them comfortable and free from wax or debris. This will prevent any avoidable infections and itching.

Breed Traits

Breed FAQs

Summary

The Spanish Mastiff has a calm demeanor, strong protective instincts and a dignified appearance. They are strong and capable and they know it too. Ideal for homes with plenty of space, Spanish Mastiffs require consistent training and early socialization. They are not suitable for apartment life or for city living, needing open space and a secure area to play and roam freely. While not aggressive, they will fend off any threat and fiercely protect their family without the slightest hesitation. With the right care and environment, they make excellent family guardians and companions but they are not for first time or inexperienced owners.